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The Sun Myung Moon is once again a popular address , as several space - come nations are talking about go under up bases there . One cause would be to mine fuel for future merger reactor .
The fuel in this case ishelium-3 , a lighter isotope of the helium used in balloon . In mellow energy collisions , helium-3 fuses with other nuclei to release more energy and less waste than the reaction intraditional atomic reactors .
A possible design for a rover to extract helium-3 from the lunar soil. The robot would capture sunlight, reflected from a gathering dish, to bake the soil.
" If we can show that we can cauterize helium-3 , it is a much clean and dependable vigour source than other nuclear fuel , " said Gerald Kulcinski , director of the Fusion Technology Institute at the University of Wisconsin at Madison .
Just 40 loads of this poppycock has enough likely muscularity to meet the entire U.S. electricity requirement for a twelvemonth . However , there is almost no helium-3 on Earth . The closest provision is on the moonshine .
Several space agencies , notably inChina , Russia and India , have mentioned helium-3 as a potential payoff for their lunar projects .
" I do n’t think that the main motivation to go back to the moon is helium-3 , " Kulcinski said . " But over the recollective - full term , we do face an DOE problem . "
Fusion solution
All current atomic might is found on nuclear fission , in which a large cell nucleus ( such as uranium ) breaks apart into smaller nuclei .
The choice is fusion , in which two small core come together to form a large nucleus and release copious total of energy .
A commercial-grade fusion reactor has never been built , but a prototype address the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor ( ITER ) has just start construction in Cadarache , France . The plan is to get the need 100 million level blood plasma by the year 2016 , but a superpower plant that can supply electricity might not get along online for another 20 years after that .
The response that will occur in ITER is the fusing of two atomic number 1 isotope : heavy hydrogen and tritium . One worry is that tritium is radioactive and a component of atomic weapons , so aid must be take in dealing with it .
Another problem is the extremely energetic neutron emitted from the deuterium - tritium reaction . These neutrons thrash into the nuclear reactor wall and cause structural scathe . It is expected that the walls in ITER will have to be replaced every one to two years , Kulcinski said .
This is why Kulcinski and others advocate switch the tritium with non - radioactive helium-3 .
" The vantage is that it makes very few neutrons , " said Rich Nebel of Emc2 Fusion , a company found in Santa Fe , N.M. " This reduces radiation event and also greatly simplify the technology . "
moreover , the chemical reaction product of helium-3 coalition are accuse , so their energy can be directly exchange into electricity without having to go through the inefficient step of stewing water to make steam .
Helium sources
Despite its unmistakable attractiveness , helium-3 is often neglected by fusion researchers . One ground is that the Earth has very small of it . A small portion of helium-3 is collect as an undesirable by - product inside atomic weapons and sell for about $ 1,000 per gramme , Kulcinski said .
A continuous supplying of helium-3 can be found in the solar wind , but our planet ’s magnetized field deflects these particles aside . The same is not genuine on the moon . The moonlight has collected 1 million to 5 million tons of helium-3 , from the solar wind , over its 4.5 billion class history , Kulcinski say .
Evidence for this was constitute in the lunar rocks ( brought back by the Apollo astronauts and Russian rovers ) at a level of 10 to 20 parts per billion .
" Helium-3 is present on the moon , but in very small concentration levels , stand for that many hundreds of millions of tons of territory must be processed to take out a gross ton of helium-3 , " said Paul Spudis of the Lunar and Planetary Institute , aNASA - fund research institution .
This descent requires heating lunar dust speck to around 1,300 academic degree Fahrenheit ( 700 level Celsius ) , Spudis said .
Kulcinski and his colleague have designed rovers that could move along the control surface , scraping up lunar soil and heating it with hard sunshine .
Such a mining operation would retrieve 300 time more energy than it uses ( including all the energy to fly to the moon and back ) , Kulcinski figure . In comparison , excavation coal regaining 15 - 20 multiplication the energy put in . His team has count on that it might cost around $ 800 million to bring back each gross ton of lunar helium-3 .
This might voice like a raft , but if you could betray the merger vim at a price comparable to gasolene based on oil at $ 100 per gun barrel , the helium-3 would be worth $ 10 billion per ton .
" Our real challenge is not hold the helium-3 ; it is demonstrating that we can combust it , " Kulcinski said .
baffling to burn
Burning helium-3 necessitate higher initial energy than burning hydrogen isotopes . This is why ITER is not considering helium-3 as a possible fuel at this fourth dimension .
However , Kulcinski ’s group work on on a different method acting — name inertial electrostatic confinement ( IEC ) — for reach fusion reaction . Instead of using magnetic fields to confine a very red-hot plasma like ITER program to do , IEC works by accelerating nuclei towards each other with electric field of operations .
Kulcinski and his collaborator have finagle to suffer nuclear fusion in their small prototype organization . The company Emc2 Fusion is also puzzle out on a like purpose .
However , all of these IEC demo , at least for now , require much more stimulus get-up-and-go than they can hand over . Most researchers agree that helium-3 is unlikely to be the first fuel used in fusion reactors .
" One should never say never — it may add up to pass that helium-3 could become an important source of energy in the come hundred , " Spudis said . " That time has not come in yet . And I suspect that it is still some time off . "
